A common cause of socioeconomic inequality is rent-seeking. Optimistically, we might expect that rent seeking can be curtailed through social activism. This works if the progress of activism matches or outpaces the rate of increase in rent-seeking behavior. Apart from the usual tactics to stymie social activism, companies escape this activism by superficially "innovating" in ways that allow them to escape public regulation. This strategy is reminiscent of planned obsolescence.
The rent-seeking treadmill
Four friends and I were discussing "rent seeking", wherein entities monopolize critical resources and charge "rent" far in excess of the upkeep costs. One friend commented that a general form of this is simply "Life will afford some individuals lucrative opportunities". This is true, no doubt, and I wish to be clear: I do not intend to deprive individuals of the fruits of their labor, nor do I advocate for confiscating wealth gained by good luck. I do however, wish to prevent corporations, governments, and individuals from extracting wealth from others simply because they have a power advantage.
There are numerous forms of rent seeking that should be familiar, but I suppose the most familiar lies in the origin of the term itself: rent. People need jobs to survive. Therefore, where people live is often limited by what job they can get. Where housing demand is high, landlords may charge exorbitant rents for even unsafe housing, reaping profits far in excess of their upkeep costs. Renters and homeowners can conspire to limit new, high-density development that might bring rent down. This is generally viewed as a bad thing, as the renters have no choice in the matter, and the landlords are able to extract large sums of money from a vulnerable population without adding any real value.
Rent-seeking
emerges whenever there is a power imbalance in society. Socialized
services may fall to corruption, diverting public resources into private
accounts. Corporations may form global or local monopolies, and thus
escape the market pressures that normally keep costs "fair". Even unions
may abuse a strong bargaining position and hamstring an industry or
public service by acting as a labor monopoly. The important thing in
these examples is that socialized governments, corporations, and unions
are not evil, but they can all act antisocially if they acquire a
disproportionate amount of power, and wield this power without regard
for the common good. However, at present most rent-seeking in society is
perpetuated by corporations and landlords, and these are the actors I
have in mind.
A more insidious form of rent-seeking occurs at the grey boundary of "essential" services. For now, let's define an essential service as a service the lack of which creates a serious barriers to economic mobility (leaving the meaning of the term "serious" is open to debate). Most agree that clean water, electricity, food, housing, and education are essential services and human rights. Then there are the services that are essential in practice, but not considered human rights. It is hotly debated whether people have a right to transportation, internet access, cell phones, competent legal council, health care, affordable prescription drugs, higher education, and internet access. Nevertheless, most people reading this communication would agree that denial of any of the above would present a barrier to economic mobility and lead to reduced quality of life. Such services are de-facto essential.
For example, having a job is mandatory, so then is having a permanent address and a bank account (jobs typically require both). Most people must travel to work, and therefore transit is also essential. Cellular phones or even smartphones have become the primary way to access services like employment, bank accounts, public transit, and public support infrastructure. I cannot log in to my bank website, or log in to my university account, without using a phone as a second factor. In practice, phone (and increasingly: smartphone) services are not optional; yet they are managed by de-facto monopolies in many places. For example, as of 2016, debit and credit cards cannot be used as a means of payment for many stations in the Massachusetts transportation network—but payment by app is supported. I have seen many distressed foreign travelers pondering anxiously in their native language just how the heck they are supposed to pay the train fair. Wouldn't life be so much easier if you just bought a smartphone!
Now, perhaps it is simple. As my friend said, perhaps "the best thing we can do is identify instances of rent seeking as they emerge and move against them". At first glance, this looks like a solution. Sure, there will be some latency between when a new service becomes de-facto essential, and when it has been tamed for social good, but we will progress. I am not so certain.
There are some areas well outside what we would consider "essential" or even "marginally essential", that will always be vulnerable to exploitation. These sectors seem at first glance to be luxury goods, but in practice have a large and guaranteed captive market. That enables practices resembling rent-seeking without overt negative moral implications. There are four instances which I address below: monopolization via standards, DRM and DRM-like lock out of competition, monopolization of communication, and monopolization of culture.
Monopolization via standards
Instances where a private entity can establish a standard, and then de-facto monopolize e.g. a subset of business or social services because individuals must interoperate.
For example, many government and private companies require that documents be sent in Microsoft Word, the file format of which is so arcane that no one has been able to fully support it—not even Microsoft itself. At work we use Dropbox to communicate, forcing others onto the same platform whether they want to or not. Various subsets of my social network use either Venmo or Square to handle financial transactions, forcing one network or the other on their peers. Apple computer changes its cables frequently enough that Apple itself enjoys a monopoly on the production of compatible peripherals. And even in the case that suitable peripherals are eventually produced by a third party, the fact that such peripherals do not interoperate with other industry standards force people to maintain two sets of equipment. Standardized testing and textbook services are another example, being a gatekeeper to higher education, which has itself become essential in today's economy.
DRM and DRM-like lock out of competition
Then there is the classic give-away-the-razor-and-overcharge-on-the-blades revenue model that printer manufactures love so much. In addition to deliberately eschewing standards in order to prevent third parties from repairing or producing accessories for a product, companies can actively invest in anti-features that create unnatural incompatibilities. Digital Rights Management (DRM) features on camera batteries and coffee pods come to mind. Locking out consumers from the error codes needed to remain their cars is another example. Note that the uses of DRM here are very different for DRM used to protect cultural output like music and video. In this case, DRM is being used to stymie competition and enable over-charging. These business models are abusive and antisocial, but are typically employed on "luxury" goods and so perhaps relative benign.
Monopolization of communication
After
basic needs like air, water, etc, it is commonly accepted that humans
need to communicate with each-other to survive. A strong social network
is vital for our species. This can be exploited.
Communication has shifted from in-person and post, to phones, to email, to facebook messages, to snapchats and god knows what else by the time you read this. If a social network wishes to mutually communicate, it is beneficial to use a common medium. We long ago recognized that a postal service was essential to society. Eventually, we also recognize that the telephone networks were essential, and enacted the common carrier laws.
Today, we are fighting over whether the internet has become similarly essential. Private entities should take note, as developing a new mode of communication that becomes culturally accepted all but guarantees several lucrative decades of rent extraction, or more if you can bribe the right congress-folk.
While we fight the large telecom monopolies over net neutrality, the cultural real-estate of the Old Internet is being cannibalized by the less regulated, and more expensive, mobile computing platforms of tablets and smartphones. By the time we establish the Internet as a common carrier, smartphones will have become essential not just for social communication but for all other aspects of life.
This is no accident. The telecoms understand this business model well, and diverted the money taxpayers gave them to upgrade internet infrastructure into their mobile networks for good reason. Once a platform becomes sufficiently regulated that antisocial behavior is prevented, telecoms move on to another, first promoting it as a luxury, then gradually making it a necessity. This is, in effect, a rent-seeking treadmill, and it will remain endlessly profitable.
Monopolization of culture
Similar
to the monopoly treadmill of communication platforms, it is possible to
monopolize culture. Culture defines who we are. It bonds us together,
makes us human. While communications platforms provide the
infrastructure for social networking, culture defines the content
carried on such platforms, and both are needed for a healthy society. We
outlined how a large corporation might extract rent from communications
infrastructure, but what about the content of that infrastructure?
It would be ridiculous to argue that music and video are essential. Nevertheless, many people will feel social ostracization if they cannot communicate or relate to shared cultural experiences of those around them. Thus, if you can convince a large group to use your product, be it arts, entertainment, or fashion, you force members of the out group to also buy into said product.
By manipulating culture so that what is "in" changes constantly, corporations can ensure themselves an endless stream of profit. If one believes fashion and entertainment to be the be-all and end-all of human existence, this may not be a bad thing. I would be hard-pressed to say that anyone was ever deprived for not having seen the latest movie, heard the latest record, or carrying the latest handbag. Thus, cultural capture is not so much an antisocial barrier to economic mobility, as it is a tried-and-true way for those with money to continue to make money by taking advantage of human nature.
This is not a radical proposition. For example, it is long-recognized that the revenue models of many clothing manufacturers depend on fast-fashion. This culture is promoted through advertising, and it is one of the things killing the planet.
Planned obsolesce
The
latter two concepts: communications monopolies and cultural capture,
are conceptually related to planned obsolesce. Planned obsolesce
typically refers to companies that make products built to break, or
computer manufacturers who render new models incompatible with older
software and peripherals. Likewise,
if a communications platform or
cultural product has ceased to be lucrative, companies can dismantle it
to move demand to a new sector of the market that they control.
Allowing the internet infrastructure in the USA to age while pouring investments into mobile is a good example of how this might be accomplished in practice. Planned obsolescence of infrastructure and culture become and additional revenue source to add to the toolkit.
Conclude
The problem with rent-seeking is not so much that it makes a few people rich without doing work. It is that those resources are shunted from other pro-social products. To the extent that overcharged services are mandatory, they act as a regressive tax that most affects those lease able to pay.
We have made great strides in stamping out abuses when they emerge, but it seems that new ways to abuse emerge faster than we can regulate against them. Sadly, it may not be the case that this struggle reaches a conclusion. Powerful individuals and organizations can manipulate society and continually escape attempts to regulate against them.
What is the significance of allowing escape-from-regulation to drive private sector innovation? Are there ways to redirect innovation into more prosocial efforts? Is this innovation, though superficially selfish and antisocial, somehow valuable?
